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		<title>Konrad Adenauer 150</title>
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					<description><![CDATA[January 5, 2026: 150th birthday of Konrad Adenauer, legendary first Chancellor of Germany. In the famous In the famous Bundestag debate on the ratification of the Germany Treaty on December 3, 1952, when I was just one day old, he &#8230; <a href="https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/konrad-adenauer-150/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
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<p>January 5, 2026: 150th birthday of <strong><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a></strong>, legendary first Chancellor of Germany.  In the famous </p>



<p>In the famous Bundestag debate on the ratification of the Germany Treaty on December 3, 1952, when I was just one day old, he said: “We are faced with a choice between slavery and freedom. We choose freedom. (Wir stehen vor der Wahl zwischen Sklaverei und Freiheit. Wir wählen die Freiheit.) ”</p>



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<p class="has-text-align-center">On the Petersberg near Bonn on December 14, 2025. </p>



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<p>Ends;</p>
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		<title>Global Insights. DIW Berlin zum 100. Geburtstag: Die Transformation des Instituts im ersten Jahrzehnt des 21. Jahrhunderts von Alexander S. Kritikos, Günter Stock und Klaus F. Zimmermann</title>
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					<description><![CDATA[This article highlights the transformation of the German Institute for Economic Research (&#8220;DIW Berlin&#8221;) towards a strong dedication to evidence-based policymaking, as part of its centennial celebrations in 2025. This shift, which took place during the first decade of the &#8230; <a href="https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/global-insights-diw-berlin-zum-100-geburtstag-die-transformation-des-instituts-im-ersten-jahrzehnt-des-21-jahrhunderts-von-alexander-s-kritikos-gunter-stock-und-klaus-f-zimmermann/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
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<p class="has-light-gray-background-color has-background">This article highlights the transformation of the German Institute for Economic Research (&#8220;DIW Berlin&#8221;) towards a strong dedication to evidence-based policymaking, as part of its centennial celebrations in 2025. This shift, which took place during the first decade of the 21st century, was in response to a directive from the German Council of Science and Humanities (&#8220;Wissenschaftsrat&#8221;) aimed at all German economic research institutes. A key factor in this success was the integration of research and policy advice, achieved through stringent publication requirements for all staff members.<br><br>This article contributes to the <a href="https://www.diw.de/de/diw_01.c.931860.de/100_jahre_diw/100_jahre_diw.html#hundertgeschichten">100 stories posted on the DIW Berlin website </a>on the occasion of the 100 years celebration of DIW Berlin in 2025. (<a href="https://www.diw.de/de/diw_01.c.932501.de/100_jahre_diw/die_transformation_des_instituts_im_ersten_jahrzehnt_des_21._jahrhunderts.html">Article 52</a>)</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-center"><strong>Die Transformation des Instituts im ersten Jahrzehnt des 21. Jahrhunderts</strong></h2>



<p class="has-text-align-center"><strong>Die Einheit von Forschung und Beratung. Neuausrichtung des DIW Berlin</strong></p>



<p class="has-text-align-center"><strong>Alexander Kritikos</strong>, <strong>Günter Stock und Klaus F. Zimmermann</strong></p>



<p>“Verbesserungsbedürftig” &#8211; so beurteilte der Wissenschaftsrat in einem Gutachten 1998<a href="#_ftn1" id="_ftnref1"><sup>[1]</sup></a> die empirische Wirtschaftsforschung und wirtschaftspolitische Beratung in den deutschen Wirtschaftsforschungsinstituten, ebenso wie ihre Vernetzung mit den Universitäten. Sich dieser Herausforderung zu stellen, war demnach auch die zentrale Aufgabe des Deutschen Instituts für Wirtschaftsforschung (DIW Berlin) im ersten Jahrzehnt des 21. Jahrhunderts. In diesem Beitrag berichten der damalige Präsident <strong>Klaus F. Zimmermann</strong>, der damalige Kuratoriumsvorsitzende <strong>Günter Stock</strong>, sowie das derzeitige Vorstandsmitglied <strong>Alexander S. Kritikos</strong> von der darauffolgenden Neuausrichtung des Instituts und seiner langfristigen Bedeutung.</p>



<p>Politikberatung sei nicht hinreichend durch eigene wissenschaftliche Forschung unterfüttert, schrieb der Wissenschaftsrats in seinem Gutachten, und machte umfangreiche Gestaltungsvorschläge. Er forderte unter anderem unabhängige eigenständige Forschung, ihre Veröffentlichung in hochrangigen internationalen wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften und ihre Nutzung in transparenten externen Beratungsprozeduren (<em>siehe Box</em>). Dies war ein deutliches Bekenntnis zur evidenzbasierten wissenschaftlichen Politikberatung auf Basis einer rigorosen Darstellung metrisch belegter Ergebnisse. Eine solche Politikberatung ist zwar aus historischer Sicht kein neues Konzept, sie ist aber angesichts wissenschaftlicher Methoden- und Erkenntnisfortschritte sowie der gestiegenen Datenzugänge und der erreichten Effizienz ihrer Auswertung erheblich nutzbarer geworden. Allerdings bedrohen falsche politische Prioritäten oder Populismus langfristig mögliche Erfolge dieses Politikansatzes.</p>



<p><strong>Das Ziel: evidenzbasierte Politikberatung</strong></p>



<p>Die Politik steht&nbsp; immer wieder vor einer wachsenden Zahl von Herausforderungen, die permanent neue und gleichzeitig komplexere Gesetze, Vorschriften und Reformen erfordern. Entsprechend müssen politische Entscheidungsträger fortlaufend Entscheidungen von großer Tragweite treffen. Evidenzbasierte Politikberatung hat dabei das Ziel, unter Anwendung der neusten Methoden und Konzepte zu analysieren, welche dieser politischen Maßnahmen gut funktionieren und welche nicht. Um evidenzbasierte Politikberatung erfolgreich umzusetzen, sind bestimmte Rahmenbedingungen notwendig, die Ende der 1990er Jahre keineswegs selbstverständlich waren. Dazu zählen auf Seiten derer, die evidenzbasierte Politikberatung bereitstellen:</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>Offene Zugänge zu den relevanten Daten.</li>



<li>Unabhängige Forschungsinstitutionen, die diese Dateninfrastruktur den wissenschaftlich Beratenden uneingeschränkt zur Verfügung stellen.</li>



<li>Unabhängige Forschende, die bereit sind, mit diesen Daten unter Einhaltung strenger Regeln guter wissenschaftlicher Praxis zu arbeiten und Forschung ergebnisoffen mit den neuesten metrischen Methoden durchzuführen, die evidenzbasierte Politikberatung erlauben.</li>



<li>Hochkarätige Journale, die solche Forschung im Wettbewerb und nach sorgfältiger Begutachtung veröffentlichen, und damit evidenzbasierter Politikberatung das notwendige Siegel geben, dass die verwendeten Daten und Methoden und damit die Ergebnisse den besten Standards entsprechen.</li>



<li>Netzwerke von Forschenden, um Aktivitäten in Richtung evidenzbasierter Politikberatung zu bündeln und zu etablieren.</li>



<li>Die wissenschaftlich Beratenden tragen somit aktiv zur Gewinnung wissenschaftlicher Evidenz bei, indem sie ihre Ergebnisse in geeigneten wissenschaftlichen Fachzeitschriften veröffentlichen. Nur wer den Forschungsstand gut kennt, kann international wettbewerbsfähige Ratschläge geben. Der <em>Wissenschaftsrat</em> und andere Organisationen wie der <em>Verein für Socialpolitik</em> haben regelmäßig betont, dass diese Einheit aus Forschung und Beratung notwendig ist.</li>
</ul>



<p>_________________________________________________________________</p>



<p class="has-light-gray-background-color has-background"><strong><em>Box</em></strong>. Evidenzbasierte wissenschaftliche Politikberatung</p>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li>„Zentral für die Qualität sind im Wesentlichen drei Gesichtspunkte: Qualität der wissenschaftlichen Fundierung; Unabhängigkeit; Transparenz der Beratungsprozeduren.“ (S. 21)</li>



<li>„Dem Gesichtspunkt der Unabhängigkeit durch externe Beratung (wird) große Bedeutung zugemessen.“ …  „Interne wirtschaftspolitische Beratung wird in Deutschland weniger geschätzt, da sie die Trennungslinie zwischen Politik und unabhängiger Beratung überschreitet.“ (S. 22)</li>



<li>„In der Diskussion wirtschaftspolitischer Fragen (sind) ideologische Positionen durch eine möglichst breite und vollständige Palette von Fach- und Sachargumenten zu ersetzen“. (S. 22)</li>



<li>“Qualifizierte Leistungen in der wirtschaftswissenschaftlichen, insbesondere der empirischen Forschung, bestätigt durch anerkannte Publikationen, sind hervorragende Voraussetzungen für gute wirtschaftspolitische Beratung.” (S. 22)</li>



<li>“Vor allem aber müssen die Institute Mitarbeitern, besonders dem wissenschaftlichen Nachwuchs, in geeigneten Fällen die Gelegenheit geben, Aufsätze in wichtigen nationalen und internationalen Fachzeitschriften zu veröffentlichen.“ (S. 26)</li>
</ul>



<p class="has-light-gray-background-color has-background">Quelle: WISSENSCHAFTSRAT (1998), Stellungnahme zu den Wirtschaftsforschungsinstituten der Blauen Liste in den alten Ländern. Drs. 3320-98 Berlin, 23. Januar 1998</p>



<p>_________________________________________________________________</p>



<p>Diese Form der Politikberatung kann von den Instituten jedoch nur dann erfolgreich betrieben werden, wenn auf Seiten der Entscheidungsträger die Bereitschaft besteht, zuzuhören und die Erkenntnisse zu berücksichtigen. Dafür braucht es politisch Handelnde, die evidenzbasierter Politikberatung ein Gewicht geben und die bereit sind, sich in den Dialog mit den wissenschaftlich Beratenden zu begeben. Allerdings muss die Politik dazu ihre Ziele klar und transparent offenlegen, sonst ist eine angemessene wissenschaftliche Analyse nicht möglich. </p>



<p>Das DIW Berlin hatte zum Teil gute Voraussetzungen, die Anforderungen des Wissenschaftsrates umzusetzen. Zwar war die tägliche Arbeit wie bei den anderen deutschen Forschungsinstitutionen stark durch Beratungsaufträge geprägt, aber das Institut verfügte über folgende Aktivposten: die Stärke im Datenzugang durch die Bereitstellung eigener Daten, unter anderem der Volkswirtschaftlichen Gesamtrechnung und des <em><a href="https://www.diw.de/sixcms/detail.php/diw_01.c.29004.en">Sozioökonomischen Panels (SOEP)</a></em>, der Zugang zu den zahlreichen Universitäten und Forschungseinrichtungen des Großraums Berlin und die räumliche Nähe zur Bundesregierung. Darüber hinaus gab es mit dem DIW-Wochenbericht ein etabliertes Format für den Wissenstransfer.</p>



<p>Dennoch machte die Neuausrichtung des Instituts auf eine auf wissenschaftlichen Publikationen fußende Politikberatung einen umfassenden Veränderungsprozess notwendig. Nicht alle wissenschaftliche Beschäftigte waren von der Fokussierung auf eine mit neusten metrischen Methoden durchzuführte Forschung begeistert. Die Forschenden des DIW Berlin waren nun gefordert, für ihre Arbeiten nationale und internationale Kooperationen einzugehen, und ihre wissenschaftlichen Papiere bei nationalen und internationalen Konferenzen vorzutragen. Ziel war die regelmäßige Publikation in Fachzeitschriften möglichst vieler Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter, d.h. eine breite Beteiligung an der gestellten Aufgabe. Nur auf Forschung oder nur auf Beratung Spezialisierte sollte es &#8211; soweit möglich – nicht mehr geben. Bei der Einstellung waren Forschende gefragt, die sich der Doppelaufgabe aus Forschung und Beratung&nbsp; stellen wollten. Gleichzeitig musste ihnen ein attraktives Umfeld geboten werden, damit sie sich für das im Umbruch befindende DIW Berlin entschieden. Dafür musste auch der Datenzugang für die Forschenden weiter gestärkt werden.</p>



<p>Insofern war die Transformation auf die neue Doppelrolle aus eigenständiger Forschung und Politikberatung im ersten Jahrzehnt mit Reibungen verbunden. Allerdings trug der Veränderungsprozess rasch Früchte<a href="#_ftn2" id="_ftnref2"><sup>[2]</sup></a> (siehe auch Abb. unten). Gab es vor 2000 im DIW Berlin kaum Publikationen in referierten Fachzeitschriften, die im renommierten Katalog der Zeitschriften des SSCI (Social Sciences Citation Index, eine Zitationsdatenbank der Sozialwissenschaften) gelistet sind, so stieg die Zahl rapide an, von 6 im Jahr 2000 auf 92 im Jahr 2010. Wichtig war dabei auch, dass diese Expansion beim DIW Berlin wie angestrebt von einer breiten Mitarbeiterschaft getragen wurde.<a href="#_ftn3" id="_ftnref3"><sup>[3]</sup></a> Im Jahr 2020 stieg die Zahl der Publikationen weiter auf 127 an. Zuletzt gab es wegen der Covid-Pandemie Sondereffekte. 2024 lag – auch aufgrund leicht sinkender Beschäftigtenzahlen &#8211; die Zahl bei gleichzeitig ansteigender Qualität der Veröffentlichungen bei 108.</p>



<p><strong>Abbildung: DIW Berlin: SSCI – Artikel, 2000 – 2024: </strong>Quelle SSCI</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/image-3.png"><img decoding="async" width="437" height="219" src="https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/image-3.png" alt="" class="wp-image-11556" srcset="https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/image-3.png 437w, https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/image-3-300x150.png 300w" sizes="(max-width: 437px) 100vw, 437px" /></a></figure>



<p>Autoren: Alexander S. Kritikos, Günter Stock und Klaus F. Zimmermann</p>



<p>Dieser Veränderungsprozess wurde sukzessive umgesetzt und durch weitere Elemente forciert. Zum einen übernahmen mit den Universitäten des Großraums Berlin gemeinsam berufene Professorinnen und Professoren die Abteilungsleitungen. Zum anderen baute das DIW Berlin als erstes Wirtschaftsforschungsinstitut in Deutschland ein eigenständiges Doktorandenprogramm auf, das <em><a href="https://www.diw.de/de/diw_01.c.932605.de/100_jahre_diw/wir_waren_eins_der_ersten_forschungsinstitute_mit_einem_strukturierten_doktorandenprogramm.html">DIW Graduate Center</a></em>, das sich an den Bedarfen einer evidenzbasierten Politikberatung orientierte. Zentral war dabei neben einer weiterführenden empirisch orientierten Ausbildung auch die Vernetzung in die Welt der vor allem in den USA viel weiter etablierten evidenzbasierten Politikberatung, die über die frisch gegründete Dependance <em><a href="https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/history/diwdc/">DIW DC</a> </em>möglich gemacht wurde. Vor allem das Graduate Center sollte sich als ein wichtiger Schlüssel für den Veränderungsprozess erweisen. Unterstützt wurden diese Schritte durch eine Umbenennung in DIW Berlin zur Identifikation mit der Hauptstadt und den Umzug in die Stadtmitte, um noch näher an Politik und Medien zu sein. Außerdem wurde das Datenservicezentrum des <em>Statistischen Landesamtes (FDZ)</em> am DIW Berlin angesiedelt. Das Institut engagierte sich somit in vielfältiger Weise für den Zugang der Wissenschaft zu den Daten des öffentlichen Bereichs Deutschlands. Mit der Neugründung der <a href="https://www.diw.de/de/diw_01.c.932529.de/100_jahre_diw/diw_econ__forschung_fuer_die_praxis.html"><em>DIW eco</em>n</a> wurde  darüber hinaus die Möglichkeit eröffnet, Beratungsaufgaben im Rahmen der Auftragsforschung flexibel nachzugehen und neue Finanzierungsquellen zu erschließen.</p>



<p><strong>Gute Wissenschaft braucht Zeit</strong></p>



<p>Die Meisterung der Doppelaufgabe aus Forschung und Beratung ist und bleibt eine große Herausforderung. Was akademisch interessant ist, ist für Politik oft irrelevant. Die Politik sucht häufig kurzfristig Ratschläge zu ungeklärten Fragen, wohingegen solide Evidenzforschung neben guter Wissenschaft vor allem Zeit verlangt. Da die wissenschaftlich Beratenden ihre Ergebnisse in Fachzeitschriften publizieren sollen, müssen sie sich dem akademischen Wettbewerb und der Kontrolle anonymer Gutachter stellen, die hohen Qualitätsstandards folgen. Eine Fachpublikation kann mehrere Jahre in Anspruch nehmen.</p>



<p>Die großen Forschungs- und Publikationserfolge beeinflussten auch die evidenzbasierte Politikberatung im ersten Jahrzehnt des 21. Jahrhunderts mit nachhaltiger Wirkung. So beriet das DIW Berlin beispielsweise die EU-Kommission zur Osterweiterung und die Bundesregierungen zu den Reformen des Arbeitsmarktes und den Evaluationen ihrer langfristigen Wirkungen. Das <em><a href="https://www.diw.de/de/diw_01.c.932599.de/100_jahre_diw/absolvent_innen_des_graduate_centers_schauen_zurueck_____eine_sehr_intensive_und_lehrreiche_zeit.html">Doktorandenprogramm</a></em> hat sich in Verbindung mit den Berlin-Brandenburger Universitäten weiter verfestigt. Die Nachwuchsforschenden des DIW Berlin erhielten Professuren nicht nur in Deutschland, sondern auch in anderen europäischen Ländern, den USA und Indien, leiten inzwischen eigene Institute oder arbeiten in deutschen Ministerien und tragen damit die Standards evidenzbasierter Politikberatung in die Politik. Trotz dieser Erfolge wird das Potenzial der evidenzbasierten Politikberatung von der Politik in Deutschland immer noch nicht voll ausgeschöpft. Die Forderung nach einer evidenzbasierten Politikberatung als Einheit von Forschung und Beratung ist also eine bleibende Herausforderung, die vor dem Hintergrund des steigenden Populismus in Deutschland und weltweit erheblich zunehmen wird.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity"/>



<p><a href="#_ftnref1" id="_ftn1">[1]</a> WISSENSCHAFTSRAT (1998), Stellungnahme zu den Wirtschaftsforschungsinstituten der Blauen Liste in den alten Ländern. Drs. 3320-98 Berlin, 23. Januar 1998.</p>



<p><a href="#_ftnref2" id="_ftn2">[2]</a> R. Ketzler; K. F. Zimmermann: A Citation-Analysis of Economic Research Institutes. Scientometrics, 95 (2013), 1095-1112, Fig. 1, S. 1099.</p>



<p><a href="#_ftnref3" id="_ftn3">[3]</a> R. Ketzler; K. F. Zimmermann: Publications: German Economic Research Institutes on Track, Scientometrics, 80 (2009), 233-254, S. 20.</p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading has-light-gray-background-color has-background">FURTHER READINGS</h2>



<ul class="wp-block-list">
<li><a><strong>DIW</strong></a>. Die Vermessung der Wirtschaft. 100 Jahre DIW Berlin, Berlin 2025. <a href="https://www.diw.de/fp/Vermessung_der_Wirtschaft_2025/mobile/index.html">https://www.diw.de/fp/Vermessung_der_Wirtschaft_2025/mobile/index.html</a><br></li>



<li>K. F. Zimmermann: Advising Policymakers through the Media, <strong>Journal of Economic Education</strong>; Fall 2004; 35:4; 395-405.<br></li>



<li>K. F. Zimmermann: Der Berater als Störenfried: wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Politikberatung, <strong>Wirtschaftsdienst</strong>, 88 (2008), 101-107.<br></li>



<li>K. F. Zimmermann: Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Politikberatung: Entscheidungsbeitrag oder Feigenblatt, in: H. Handler and H. Schneider (Eds.), <strong>Beratung und Entscheidung in der Wirtschaftspolitik</strong>. Industriewissenschaftliches Institut, Wien, 2008, 11-20.<br></li>



<li>K. F. Zimmermann: Prognosekrise: Warum weniger manchmal mehr ist, <strong>Wirtschaftsdienst</strong>, 2 (2009), 86-90.<br></li>



<li>K. F. Zimmermann: Evidenzbasierte Politikberatung, <strong>DIW-Vierteljahrshefte</strong>, 80:1 (2011) Jubiläumsheft, 23-33.<br></li>



<li>K. F. Zimmermann: Evidenzbasierte wissenschaftliche Politikberatung, <strong>Schmollers Jahrbuch</strong>, 134:3 (2014), 259-270. Also <strong>IZA Standpunkte</strong> Nr. 74, September 2014.<br></li>



<li>K. F. Zimmermann: Lobbyisten der Wahrheit, <strong>Deutsche Universitätszeitung</strong> (DUZ), 3 (2015), 14-15.<br></li>



<li>K. F. Zimmermann: More global solidarity will also provide higher well-being. In: A Symposium of Views. Why is Populism On the Rise and What Do the Populists Want? <strong>The International Economy</strong>. Winter 2019. S. 33.<br></li>



<li>K. F. Zimmermann: Wissenschaftliche Politikberatung als Herausforderung, in <strong>Wirtschaftliche Freiheit</strong>. Das ordnungspolitische Journal, 22 June 2022.</li>
</ul>



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		<title>Klaus F. Zimmermann met with Skúli Magnússon, the &#8220;father of modern Reykjavík&#8221;</title>
		<link>https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/klaus-f-zimmermann-met-with-skuli-magnusson-the-father-of-modern-reykjavik/</link>
		
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		<pubDate>Thu, 12 Jun 2025 11:04:46 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Klaus F. Zimmermann, GLO President &#38; Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Population Economics (CiteScore) currently visits Reykjavík for a public lecture on June 12 on The Economics of Fertility Decline in the National Museum. The PRICE Lecture on Declining Fertility &#8230; <a href="https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/klaus-f-zimmermann-met-with-skuli-magnusson-the-father-of-modern-reykjavik/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
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<p><strong>Klaus F. Zimmermann</strong>, GLO President &amp; Editor-in-Chief of the <strong><em>Journal of Population Economics</em></strong> (<strong><a href="https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/citescore-2024-out-journal-of-population-economics-stabilizes-position-as-top-field-journal/">CiteScore</a></strong>) currently visits Reykjavík for a public lecture on June 12 on <strong>The Economics of Fertility Decline</strong> in the National Museum. The PRICE Lecture on Declining Fertility is on invitation of University of Iceland &amp; the Pension Research Institute Iceland (PRICE). University of Iceland researcher Vilmundur Torfason will complement his presentation with research findings on Iceland. (<a href="https://pension-research.is/en/price-lecture-on-declining-fertility/"><strong>LINK</strong></a>) During his visit, Zimmermann will meet with GLO Fellows <strong>Gylfi Zoega</strong> and <strong>Ender Demir</strong>, and in particular with <strong>Dadi Kristofersson</strong>, Iceland&#8217;s Minister of Finance and Economics. </p>


<div class="wp-block-image">
<figure class="alignright size-thumbnail"><a href="https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Zimmermann-with-Skuli-Magnusson-250611_181241-scaled.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" src="https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/Zimmermann-with-Skuli-Magnusson-250611_181241-150x150.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-11408"/></a></figure></div>


<p><strong>Zimmermann</strong> has already met with <strong>Skúli Magnússon</strong>, the &#8220;father of modern Reykjavík&#8221; (see picture). Skúli  played a key role in developing Reykjavík in the 18th century. As Iceland’s first treasurer, he established industries that helped transform the settlement into a growing city. <strong>Ingólfur Arnarson</strong> is considered the <strong>first settler of Reykjavík</strong>. He arrived in Iceland around <strong>874 AD</strong>, making him the city&#8217;s <strong>founding father</strong>. The name Reykjavík (&#8220;smoky bay&#8221;) relates to the steam rising from the area&#8217;s geothermal activity, which he likely saw upon arrival.</p>



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		<post-id xmlns="com-wordpress:feed-additions:1">11407</post-id>	</item>
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		<title>Global Insights and EU Elections: Fiscal restraint and the political economy of Europe.  The popularity of the European idea was instrumented to enforce fiscal discipline. What has happened?</title>
		<link>https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/global-insights-and-eu-elections-fiscal-restraint-and-the-political-economy-of-europe-the-popularity-of-the-european-idea-was-instrumented-to-enforce-fiscal-discipline-what-has-happened/</link>
		
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		<pubDate>Fri, 07 Jun 2024 07:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
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		<guid isPermaLink="false">https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/?p=10788</guid>

					<description><![CDATA[Once upon a time, there was a European dream: Joining Europe and the European Monetary Union would bring prosperity, fiscal stability, and a strong European currency to master the challenges of the continent. The forthcoming elections this Sunday are held &#8230; <a href="https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/global-insights-and-eu-elections-fiscal-restraint-and-the-political-economy-of-europe-the-popularity-of-the-european-idea-was-instrumented-to-enforce-fiscal-discipline-what-has-happened/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
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<p class="has-text-align-justify">Once upon a time, there was a European dream: Joining Europe and the European Monetary Union would bring prosperity, fiscal stability, and a strong European currency to master the challenges of the continent. The forthcoming elections this Sunday are held in the face of rising unhappiness about Europe, although the need to deal with the substantial challenges would require more collaborations and a stronger, not weaker Europe. Among the challenges are the Russian aggression, climate change, terrorism, illegal immigration, labor shortages, US-China tensions, public health issues, and the rise of the right across European member countries, among many more issues. Hence, voting is an obligation in the current European elections.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Fiscal restraint and the political economy of Europe: In the past, member states instrumented the popularity of the European idea to enforce national fiscal discipline and implement important reform policies. Looking back at what happened over a quarter of a century:</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">The paper &#8220;Fiscal Restraint and the Political Economy of EMU&#8221; by Ralph Rotte and Klaus F. Zimmermann, published in <strong><em>Public Choice</em></strong> in 1998, discussed the impact of the Maastricht Treaty on fiscal policies.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">The authors argued that the Maastricht Treaty provided a unique international commitment that enabled governments to follow restrictive fiscal policies by attributing their negative effects to Europe. This allowed them to implement austerity measures despite rising unemployment or declining growth.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">The authors suggested that the popularity of the European idea was used to enforce fiscal discipline. While the principle of delegation had become well established on the national level for monetary policy, fiscal policies remained in the hands of policymakers depending on rent-seeking interest groups.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">The study outlined the political-economy framework and presented new econometric evidence. The findings provided insights into the dynamics of fiscal restraint within the context of the European Monetary Union.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify has-light-gray-background-color has-background"><strong><em>Abstract:</em></strong> &#8220;While the principle of delegation has become well established on the national level for monetary policy, fiscal policies remain in the hands of policy makers depending on rentseeking interest groups. We argue that the Maastricht Treaty provides a unique international commitment that enables governments to follow restrictive fiscal policies by attributing their negative side-effects to Europe, and to implement austerity measures despite rising unemployment or a decline in growth. Hence, the popularity of the European idea is instrumented to enforce fiscal discipline. The paper outlines the political economy framework and presents new econometric evidence.&#8221;</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify has-light-gray-background-color has-background"><strong><em>From the conclusions: </em></strong>&#8220;Our empirical evidence shows that there is a distinguished effect of the Maastricht commitment on fiscal policies in Europe, and strengthens the conjecture that it is the support for the EU and the character of EMU as a genuinely European project which has made a fundamental change in economic policy all over Western Europe possible. The unique combination of the international character of the Maastricht commitment and the Europeans’ persistent support of the EU project thus provide the framework for fiscal reform in Europe.&#8221;</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify has-light-gray-background-color has-background">Rotte, R., Zimmermann, K.F. Fiscal restraint and the political economy of EMU. <em>Public Choice</em> <strong>94</strong>, 385–406 (1998). <br><a href="https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005042015560" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005042015560</a></p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Voting-arnaud-jaegers-unsplash.jpg"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="640" height="427" src="https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Voting-arnaud-jaegers-unsplash.jpg" alt="" class="wp-image-10800" srcset="https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Voting-arnaud-jaegers-unsplash.jpg 640w, https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2024/06/Voting-arnaud-jaegers-unsplash-300x200.jpg 300w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px" /></a></figure>



<p><em>Featured image:</em> arnaud-jaegers-unsplash</p>



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		<title>Global Insights: EU free movement of people under threat: Is the mobility growth engine stuttering?</title>
		<link>https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/global-insights-eu-free-movement-of-people-under-threat-is-the-mobility-growth-engine-stuttering/</link>
		
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		<pubDate>Fri, 29 Dec 2023 13:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[EU free movement of people under threat: Is the mobility growth engine stuttering? by Klaus F. Zimmermann Migration is one of the growth factors behind successful economies. Immigration helps to moderate the decline of shrinking populations. Fluctuating and flexible workers &#8230; <a href="https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/global-insights-eu-free-movement-of-people-under-threat-is-the-mobility-growth-engine-stuttering/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
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<p></p>



<h2 class="wp-block-heading has-text-align-justify"><strong>EU free movement of people under threat: Is the mobility growth engine stuttering?</strong> by Klaus F. Zimmermann</h2>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Migration is one of the growth factors behind successful economies. Immigration helps to moderate the decline of shrinking populations. Fluctuating and flexible workers ensure an optimal supply of goods and services through adapting to economic needs.<sup>1</sup> Free movement of persons is a fundamental right that provides European Union (EU) citizens the option to move and work freely within the EU. The concept of an open labor market forms an integral part of the European economic model and is one of EU&#8217;s major achievements. For decades, the four fundamental freedoms of the internal market have brought development, prosperity and social security to European economies. It is these fundamental freedoms and not the commitment to the principles of democracy and human rights that make Europe attractive in the world.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Given the increasing crises and conflicts in Eurasia and Africa, the population explosion in Africa with its enormous labor potential and the increasing need for skilled workers in Europe due to population decline, the question arises as to whether the freedom of movement of people in the EU is at stake. Illegal and legal immigration reinforces the trend of alienation of European populations from Europe and leads to political radicalization, especially on the right side of the political spectrum. The challenge is to stem the flow of illegal immigration while simultaneously attracting the skilled workers needed in Europe. Questions arise as to whether legal restrictions and asylum restrictions are effective means of overcoming these challenges, and whether abandoning or restricting the free movement of people can be considered as viable measures to maintain social balance in European societies.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">The pre-Christmas European asylum compromise is considered by many as historically significant. The various elements of this compromise have long been intensely debated at the political level and were also considered inevitable in academia.<sup>2</sup> One of the main provisions stipulates that asylum seekers must register and undergo biometric recording at the EU&#8217;s external borders. In reception centers (&#8220;strictly controlled reception facilities&#8221; for applicants from &#8220;safe countries of origin&#8221;), their applications should be promptly assessed, and repatriations to countries without threat should be initiated swiftly. Countries not located at the borders agree to either take in a quota of asylum seekers or provide compensation payments. This compromise requires a European standardization of national procedures and focuses on combating human traffickers as well as addressing the root causes of migration in the countries of origin.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">An organized, humane, and prompt examination of asylum applications at the European external borders, that is, on European soil with a uniform and fair procedure, would undoubtedly be a step forward compared to the current practice. The current practice involves either informally passing migrants from EU border countries to other EU countries with lengthy procedures and potential later deportations. Alternatively, the resolution of the problem is achieved through compensation payments to transit states such as, for example, Turkey or Libya, without consideration for humanitarian criteria or asylum principles. Under an assessment according to the new European asylum compromise in a European first-entry country and successful recognition, asylum seekers could then freely choose which EU host country they want to go to, or they could even be placed in host countries based on social and economic criteria.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">The implementation of the regulations of the asylum compromise in practice will be crucial. It is undeniable that the European border countries need material and ideal support for their services. The agreement, politically marketed as a &#8220;tightening,&#8221; may bring short-term political relief as long as belief in access restrictions persists, especially in the critical election year of 2024, including for the European Parliament. However, in practice, the political pressure on established political parties due to the issue of illegal immigration will not diminish so easily. The potential for illegal immigration from the poverty- and crisis-stricken regions of the world, especially from Africa, remains significant and is expected to increase substantially in the future. Experience shows that institutional restrictions and government limitations often lead to more illegality among immigrants. The issue of illegal immigration will therefore continue to concern the EU in the future. And deportations remain difficult; they often fail because of the unresolved question of where the people originally came from.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">If efficiently implemented, the asylum compromise could lead to accelerated recognition and more targeted distribution of asylum seekers. In particular, targeted profiling could contribute to improved integration into the labor market and society. At the same time, the challenge posed by illegal labor migrants persists, and their influx and presence are likely to increase. Thus, the overall potential for mobility through EU external immigrants remains high or may even rise. However, it is also less likely that these developments will significantly alleviate the structural shortage of skilled workers in parts of Europe in the long term.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">The shortage of skilled workers, especially in countries like Germany, is structurally driven and results from a demographic process of aging and population decline. This phenomenon has been foreseeable for decades, but policymakers have neglected to implement timely adjustment measures, such as a significant increase in the retirement age. The population decline inevitably leads to a reduction in the domestic labor potential, while increasing aging restricts labor mobility and migration. However, the mobility of European populations will be crucial to successfully address these challenges.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">To address the shortage of skilled workers and mobility deficits, a labor market-oriented immigration policy could make a contribution. In Germany, the federal government plans to expedite the naturalization process for migrants, allowing them to become citizens after just five years of residence in the country, or even after three years if they can demonstrate proficiency in the language, successful academic or professional achievements, or engagement in volunteer activities. Dual citizenship is set to become possible, and for the recruitment of older workers under state agreements, written German exams and naturalization tests may be waived. These measures aim to make Germany more attractive to skilled professionals, although it is not yet clear why this is expected to succeed. However, this is the subject of ongoing parliamentary debates that are likely to extend well into the year 2024.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">It should be emphasized that abandoning the free movement of people entails significant economic costs in the form of welfare losses in Europe. This not only leads to a reduction in goods and services but also results in lower government and social compensation. Furthermore, fewer resources are available to respond adequately to the current challenges amid the &#8220;Zeitenwende.&#8221; This includes financing higher defense expenditures, implementing better security systems to combat terrorism, and supporting Ukraine in defending Western security and societal values. The origin countries of these challenges are notably in the regions of the Arabian Peninsula, Africa, and Asia.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Security is another category against which the free movement of people must assert its value. Organizing a secure free movement of people in the future is certainly achievable but likely requires significant additional resources. The dilemma lies in the fact that freedom of movement, through external immigration to the EU and high internal labor mobility, substantially contributes to generating the financial means necessary to address these challenges. The feasibility of this is not a question of economic knowledge but a political design task. If we fail to convince the general public and society of the benefits of continued high levels of immigration and flexible labor mobility, the challenges to democracy and the potential to deliver economic performance in Europe could become worrisome.</p>



<p><strong>References</strong></p>



<p><sup>1</sup> <a>Klaus F. Zimmermann:&nbsp;</a><a href="http://www.klausfzimmermann.de/files/19982016/pdf/144_MigrationJobsAndIntegrationInEurope_2014.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Migration, Jobs and Integration in Europe</a>,&nbsp;<strong>Migration Policy Practice</strong>, Vol. IV, Number 4, October – November 2014, 4 – 16.</p>



<p><sup>2</sup> Holger Hinte, Ulf Rinne and Klaus F. Zimmermann:&nbsp;<a href="https://archiv.wirtschaftsdienst.eu/jahr/2015/11/fluechtlinge-in-deutschland-herausforderung-und-chancen/">Flüchtlinge in Deutschland: Herausforderungen und Chancen</a>,&nbsp;<strong>Wirtschaftsdienst</strong>, 95 (2015), 744-751.</p>



<p>Ulf Rinne and Klaus F. Zimmermann:&nbsp;<a href="https://archiv.wirtschaftsdienst.eu/jahr/2015/2/zutritt-zur-festung-europa-anforderungen-an-eine-moderne-asyl-und-fluechtlingspolitik/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Zutritt zur Festung Europa? Neue Anforderungen an eine moderne Asyl- und Flüchtlingspolitik</a>,&nbsp;<strong>Wirtschaftsdienst</strong>, 95 (2015), 114-120.</p>



<p>Holger Hinte, Ulf Rinne and Klaus F. Zimmermann:&nbsp;<a href="http://www.degruyter.com/view/j/pwp.2016.17.issue-1/pwp-2016-0005/pwp-2016-0005.xml">Punkte machen?! Warum Deutschland ein aktives Auswahlsystem für ausländische Fachkräfte braucht und wie ein solches System aussehen kann</a>,<strong>&nbsp;Perspektiven der Wirtschaftspolitik</strong>, 2016, 17(1): 68-87.</p>



<p>Zimmermann, Klaus F., Refugee and Migrant Labor Market Integration: Europe in Need of a New Policy Agenda in: Bauböck, R. and Tripkovic, M.,&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="http://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/45187">The Integration of Migrants and Refugees</a>.&nbsp; An EUI Forum on Migration, Citizenship and Demography, European University Institute, Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies, Florence 2017, pp. 88 – 100.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify"><strong>Note</strong><br>English version of<strong>:</strong> <strong>Klaus F. Zimmermann, EU-Personenfreizügigkeit in Gefahr. Stottert der Wachstumsmotor Mobilität? </strong>Opinion Piece (op-ed) in<strong> Wirtschaftliche Freiheit. Das ordnungspolitische Journal</strong>, 29 December 2023. <a href="https://wirtschaftlichefreiheit.de/wordpress/?p=35532">Link.</a></p>



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		<title>Why Fortress Europe won’t solve the migration crisis. Opinion piece by Victoria Vernon &#038; Klaus F. Zimmermann in openDemocracy</title>
		<link>https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/why-fortress-europe-wont-solve-the-migration-crisis-opinion-piece-by-victoria-vernon-klaus-f-zimmermann-in-opendemocracy/</link>
		
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		<pubDate>Wed, 11 Jan 2023 13:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[January 11, 2023. The openDemocracy platform has published an opinion piece by Victoria Vernon &#38; Klaus F. Zimmermann on: Why Fortress Europe won’t solve the migration crisis – and what will. Europe wastes money on futile border fences when better &#8230; <a href="https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/why-fortress-europe-wont-solve-the-migration-crisis-opinion-piece-by-victoria-vernon-klaus-f-zimmermann-in-opendemocracy/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
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<p class="has-text-align-justify">January 11, 2023. The<strong> <a href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><em>openDemocracy</em></a></strong> platform has published an opinion piece by Victoria Vernon &amp; Klaus F. Zimmermann on:</p>



<p class="has-text-align-center has-light-gray-background-color has-background"><a href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/podcasts/podcast-borders-belonging/europe-migration-crisis-fortress-wall/"><strong>Why Fortress Europe won’t solve the migration crisis </strong></a><br><a href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/podcasts/podcast-borders-belonging/europe-migration-crisis-fortress-wall/"><strong>– and what will</strong></a>. </p>



<p class="has-text-align-left has-light-gray-background-color has-background"><em>Europe wastes money on futile border fences when better solutions are staring it in the face.</em><br><em> </em><br><strong><a href="https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/podcasts/podcast-borders-belonging/europe-migration-crisis-fortress-wall/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LINK</a></strong> to the published article on the <strong><em>openDemocracy</em></strong> platform.</p>



<p class="has-medium-gray-background-color has-background"></p>



<p><strong>The article</strong></p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify"><strong>Why Fortress Europe won’t solve the migration crisis &#8211; and what will</strong> by Victoria Vernon &amp; Klaus F. Zimmermann in: <strong><em>openDemocracy</em></strong>, January 11, 2023.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">It’s time to rethink EU migration policy.&nbsp;New walls are being built in Europe, but they will not solve the present crisis – and the money could be far better spent.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Instead, Serbia is constructing a fence on its&nbsp;<a href="https://www.dawn.com/news/1575987" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">border with North Macedonia</a>&nbsp;and plans another to prevent crossings from Bulgaria. Greece&nbsp;is&nbsp;<a href="https://www.dailysabah.com/politics/greece-to-extend-fence-on-border-with-turkiye-by-another-140-km/news" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">planning to extend</a>&nbsp;its high-tech 40-kilometre-long, 5-metre-high steel, concrete and barbed wire fence on the border with Turkey by a further 140 kilometres.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Over the past two years Poland, Lithuania and Latvia&nbsp;have fortified their borders with Belarus by erecting fences of steel and barbed wire at a cost of&nbsp;more than half a billion euros. Several years earlier,&nbsp;Hungary spent&nbsp;<a href="https://www.schengenvisainfo.com/news/pm-orban-reiterates-his-demand-for-the-eu-to-reimburse-costs-of-fences-at-hungarian-borders/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">€1.64bn</a>&nbsp;erecting steel and razor-wire barriers on its borders with Serbia and Croatia.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Around&nbsp;<a href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/global-health/fortress-europe-borders-wall-fence-controls-eu-countries-migrants-crisis/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">1800 kilometres of border walls and fences</a>&nbsp;have been built on the perimeter of the EU&nbsp;in the past decade. The hefty prices include cameras, heat sensors, drones, armed&nbsp;vehicles and guards to patrol and keep the outsiders out, as well as the costs of reduced trade between neighbours and damaged wildlife.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">The new militarised borders are intended&nbsp;to slow down the inflow of&nbsp;irregular migrants entering the EU from the east along the western Balkan route.&nbsp;<a href="https://frontex.europa.eu/media-centre/news/news-release/eu-external-borders-in-september-vlgp1C" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Over 228,000 undocumented asylum seekers</a>&nbsp;from the Middle East, North Africa and Asia entered the EU last year, half of them along the Balkan route. That was a substantial increase on 2021, sparking&nbsp;fears of another refugee crisis similar to the one that sent&nbsp;a million undocumented&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pewresearch.org/global/2016/08/02/number-of-refugees-to-europe-surges-to-record-1-3-million-in-2015/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">refugees to the EU in 2015-16</a>.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Yet these expensive walls are <a href="http://www.klausfzimmermann.de/walls-and-fences-a-journey-through-history-and-economics/">unlikely to stop the refugees</a>. If the wall can’t be scaled with ladders, it can be walked around: the&nbsp;wall on the Polish-Belarusian border may be 186 kilometres long, but that leaves 232 kilometres of the border unfenced.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Nevertheless, these longer walls do force would-be migrants to take more dangerous routes. They also permit higher profits for&nbsp;smugglers and traffickers of people. For example, even though fewer refugees were apprehended in Hungary after the fence was built, the number of human smugglers arrested increased, and thousands of migrants&nbsp;<a href="https://www.lemonde.fr/en/international/article/2022/08/29/in-serbia-the-balkan-migration-route-opens-up-again_5995107_4.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">continued to cross</a>&nbsp;the southern Hungarian borders heading for western Europe.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">The long journeys of asylum seekers include dangerous crossings of seas or rivers, sleeping rough in cold and heat, and abuse by people smugglers.&nbsp;According to the&nbsp;<a href="https://missingmigrants.iom.int/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Missing Migrants Project</a>, more than 25,000 people have gone missing in the Mediterranean alone since 2014.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Why take such risks? Refugees from Afghanistan may be escaping Taliban rule. Those from Turkey, Iraq and Syria may be fleeing wars. Economic migrants&nbsp;<a href="https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/infographics/migration-flows/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">from Tunisia, Egypt, Bangladesh, Algeria and Morocco</a> are determined to reach the EU to escape poverty, earn living wages&nbsp;and build a better life. Yet the EU meets them all with walls, barbed wire and&nbsp;filthy refugee camps.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">There is a precedent for solving migration issues with humane policies, not walls.&nbsp;The war in Ukraine drove four times as many refugees into the EU in 2022 than the conflict in Syria did in 2015-16.&nbsp;In contrast, the status of Ukrainian refugees is regulated.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify"><a href="https://data.unhcr.org/en/situations/ukraine" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Over 4.8 million of them</a>, mostly women and children, have registered for the EU’s temporary protection scheme or other national programmes, including over 1m in Poland and Germany, and over 100,000 in the Czech Republic, Italy, Spain, the UK, Bulgaria and France.&nbsp;</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">The EU’s Temporary Protection Directive allows Ukrainians to move freely between member states, gives them instant rights to live and work, and offers access to benefits like housing and medical care&nbsp;for up to three years.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">While migrants are a net cost in the short run, in the long run they are taxpayers. Some will assimilate and settle in the EU, thus helping relieve its worker shortage and demographic crisis.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Why not adopt the same policies for Arab and African migrants? Governments can provide asylum-seekers with temporary accommodation, legal pathways to obtain jobs, language classes and modest financial support. Private companies can invest in human capital by training and hiring these workers. Once employed or in school, the young men – <a>most of these migrants are young men</a> – will pay taxes and productively contribute to the host society.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">The fears that natives lose jobs to migrants are <a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/29/magazine/debunking-the-myth-of-the-job-stealing-immigrant.html" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">largely overstated</a>, because migrants tend to take less desirable jobs. Moreover, they create new jobs within and outside diaspora <a>communities – in other words, groups of migrants in host countries who have come from the same original culture</a>.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">If people in host countries are worried about an excess of young male migrants, the EU can design a ‘merit’ migration system like the one in Canada to welcome families with young children. Local diasporas and personal sponsors can be asked to support new migrants and bear some responsibility for their housing, language training and employment. With more support and mentoring available, migrants will be better able to assimilate into the EU culture.</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">There are some hopeful signs. The new Slovenian government is&nbsp;<a href="https://apnews.com/article/migration-poverty-croatia-slovenia-3783f3420975f887800683841deb7bdb" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">removing a 143-kilometre razor-wired border fence with Croatia</a>,&nbsp;built during the 2015-16 refugee crisis, due to its ineffectiveness. Let’s hope that other countries will follow suit, and use the lessons of regulated migration of Ukrainian refugees to address the problem of other migrants in Europe and beyond.</p>



<hr class="wp-block-separator"/>



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<p class="has-text-align-justify has-light-gray-background-color has-background">The Op-ed is related to previously published research by the authors, in particular to the article &#8220;Walls and Fences: A Journey Through History and Economics&#8221;.</p>



<div class="wp-block-image is-style-default"><figure class="alignleft is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://media.springernature.com/w306/springer-static/cover-hires/book/978-3-030-48291-6" alt="" width="230" height="346"/></figure></div>



<p class="has-light-gray-background-color has-background"><br><strong>Walls and Fences: A Journey Through History and Economics </strong><br><br><em>by </em>Vernon, Victoria &amp; Zimmermann, Klaus F.<br><br>In: <strong>Kourtit</strong>, K., <strong>Newbold</strong>, B., <strong>Nijkamp</strong>, P., <strong>Partridge</strong>, M. (Eds.), <strong>The Economic Geography of Cross-Border Migration</strong>, pp. 33-54. <br><br><a href="http://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/2021-Walls-Fences-VVKFZ-Published.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Access to the published article</a><br><br></p>



<h2 class="has-normal-font-size wp-block-heading"><strong>Article Abstract</strong></h2>



<p class="has-text-align-justify has-light-gray-background-color has-background">Throughout history, border walls and fences have been built for defense, to claim land, to signal power, and to control migration. The costs of fortifications are large while the benefits are questionable. The recent trend of building walls and fences signals a paradox: In spite of the anti-immigration rhetoric of policymakers, there is little evidence that walls are effective in reducing terrorism, migration, and smuggling. Economic research suggests large benefits to open border policies in the face of increasing global migration pressures. Less restrictive migration policies should be accompanied by institutional changes aimed at increasing growth, improving security and reducing income inequality in poorer countries.</p>



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		<title>Wissenschaftliche Kooperationen in der ‚herausgeforderten‘ Globalisierung. Artikel publiziert in &#8220;Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung&#8221; von Klaus F. Zimmermann.</title>
		<link>https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wissenschaftliche-kooperationen-in-der-herausgeforderten-globalisierung-artikel-publiziert-in-vierteljahrshefte-zur-wirtschaftsforschung-von-klaus-f-zimmermann/</link>
		
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		<pubDate>Wed, 07 Dec 2022 07:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Klaus F. Zimmermann (2022). “Zeitenwende und die Schatten der Geschichte. Implikationen für wissenschaftliche Kooperationen in der ‚herausgeforderten‘ Globalisierung.”&#160; Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung 91&#160;(4), 57-66, des DIW Berlin.&#160; Abstract: For years, the promotion of international scientific cooperation was considered the silver bullet &#8230; <a href="https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wissenschaftliche-kooperationen-in-der-herausgeforderten-globalisierung-artikel-publiziert-in-vierteljahrshefte-zur-wirtschaftsforschung-von-klaus-f-zimmermann/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
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<p></p>



<p></p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Klaus F. Zimmermann (2022). “<a href="http://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/220716-Zeitenwende-DIW-v6-web.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Zeitenwende und die Schatten der Geschichte. Implikationen für wissenschaftliche Kooperationen in der ‚herausgeforderten‘ Globalisierung</a>.”&nbsp;<br><br><strong>Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung 91&nbsp;</strong>(4), 57-66, des DIW Berlin.&nbsp;</p>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="alignright is-resized"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://res.cloudinary.com/pim-red/image/upload/q_auto,w_580/v1669159802/dunckerhumblot/cover/vjh_91_4.jpg" alt="Cover Epochenbruch – Politikanpassungen und systemische Risiken (VJH 4/2022)" width="145" height="206"/></figure></div>



<p class="has-text-align-justify"><strong><em>Abstract: </em></strong>For years, the promotion of international scientific cooperation was considered the silver bullet of research policy. The Russian war of aggression and the resulting global polarization has undoubtedly increased the need to keep a closer eye on conflicts of interest and violations of ethical principles. Scientific diplomacy remains important and is needed. The central challenges of the world are of a global nature, they can therefore only be successfully tackled through international cooperation. Economic mechanisms (e. g. the advantages of the division of labor) favor globalization, and its power cannot be ignored in the long run. Science is also a public good, so it has to be organized internationally. In the future, however, there will be even more scientific cooperation between the states of the “New West”. The instruments of scientific cooperation remain unchanged. However, they will inevitably have a stronger regional focus and be more deeply politically anchored. The forthcoming more intense political regulations may cause conflicts of interest with the principle of independence of science. Although policymakers will have more guidelines for their scientific advisors, their international cooperation will continue to make a significant contribution to the quality of scientific advice.</p>



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		<title>Circular Migration &#038; Integration: Zirkuläre Migration und Integration. Ökonomische Potenziale temporärer Wanderung.</title>
		<link>https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/circular-migration-integration-zirkulare-migration-und-integration-okonomische-potenziale-temporarer-wanderung/</link>
		
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		<pubDate>Mon, 01 Aug 2022 07:00:00 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Migration is largely circular. What are the consequences? Wanderungsbewegungen sind zu einem erheblichen Teil zirkulär. Dies limitiert Integrationsbemühungen, ermöglicht aber mehr Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten für Migration. Das wird im folgenden Beitrag näher erläutert. Zirkuläre Migration und Integration. Ökonomische Potenziale temporärer Wanderung. Arbeitsmarkt- &#8230; <a href="https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/circular-migration-integration-zirkulare-migration-und-integration-okonomische-potenziale-temporarer-wanderung/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
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<p>Migration is largely circular. What are the consequences?</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Wanderungsbewegungen sind zu einem erheblichen Teil zirkulär. Dies limitiert Integrationsbemühungen, ermöglicht aber mehr Gestaltungsmöglichkeiten für Migration. Das wird im folgenden Beitrag näher erläutert.</p>



<p><a href="http://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/Circular-Migration-in-clavis_2_2022_Seite-22-23.pdf">Zirkuläre Migration und Integration</a>. Ökonomische Potenziale temporärer Wanderung. Arbeitsmarkt- und Integrationsmagazin <strong>„clavis“</strong>, Sommer 2022, S. 22-23.</p>



<p>Der Artikel ist Teil des Hefts:<br><strong>clavis 2/2022</strong>. <a href="Vom Willkommen zum Bleibenwollen" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Integration: Vom Willkommen zum Bleibenwollen</a>.</p>



<p>Weiterführende Literatur s. unten/further literature see below: References</p>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="http://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/image-1.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="472" height="641" src="http://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/image-1.png" alt="" class="wp-image-9586" srcset="https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/image-1.png 472w, https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/image-1-221x300.png 221w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 472px) 100vw, 472px" /></a></figure></div>



<div class="wp-block-image"><figure class="aligncenter size-full"><a href="http://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/image-2.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" width="497" height="643" src="http://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/image-2.png" alt="" class="wp-image-9587" srcset="https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/image-2.png 497w, https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/11/image-2-232x300.png 232w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 497px) 100vw, 497px" /></a></figure></div>



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<p><strong>REFERENCES</strong></p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify has-light-gray-background-color has-background">Klaus F. Zimmermann: <strong>Circular Migration</strong>, in: K. F. Zimmermann and A. Kritikos (Eds.), Evidence-based Policy Making in Labor Economics. The IZA World of Labor Guide 2015, Bloomsbury Publishing, London, 2015, 86-87. <br><br>Klaus F. Zimmermann: <strong><a href="https://wol.iza.org/articles/circular-migration/long" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Circular Migration</a></strong>, IZA World of Labor. 2014. <a href="https://wol.iza.org/uploads/articles/1/pdfs/circular-migration.pdf?v=1" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">PDF</a>. <br><br>Amelie Constant, Olga Nottmeyer &amp; Klaus F. Zimmermann: <strong>The Economics of Circular Migration</strong>, in: K. F. Zimmermann and A. Constant (Eds.), International Handbook on the Economics of Migration, Edward Elgar Publishing Ltd., Cheltenham 2013, pp. 55-74.   <br><br>Amelie Constant &amp; Klaus F. Zimmermann: The Dynamics of Repeat Migration: A Markov Chain Analysis, <strong>International Migration Review</strong>, 46 (2012), pp. 361-387.  <br><br>Amelie Constant &amp; Klaus F. Zimmermann: Circular and Repeat Migration: Counts of Exits and Years Away from the Host Country, <strong>Population Research and Policy Review</strong>, 30 (2011), pp. 495-515.</p>



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		<title>Wissenschaftliche Politikberatung als Herausforderung. Diskussionsbeitrag von Klaus F. Zimmermann in &#8216;Wirtschaftliche Freiheit. Das ordnungspolitische Journal&#8217; vom 22. Juni 2022.</title>
		<link>https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wissenschaftliche-politikberatung-als-herausforderung-diskussionsbeitrag-von-klaus-f-zimmermann-in-wirtschaftliche-freiheit-das-ordnungspolitische-journal-vom-22-juni-2022/</link>
		
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		<pubDate>Wed, 22 Jun 2022 12:28:16 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[Was sind die strukturellen Herausforderungen der Beratungsverflechtung von Wissenschaft und Politik? Welche Aufgaben ergeben sich aus der &#8220;Zeitenwende&#8221; des Ukarinekrieges? Diesen Fragen geht Klaus F. Zimmermann (Universität Bonn, Freie Universität Berlin &#38; Global Labor Organization, GLO) in einem Beitrag für &#8230; <a href="https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wissenschaftliche-politikberatung-als-herausforderung-diskussionsbeitrag-von-klaus-f-zimmermann-in-wirtschaftliche-freiheit-das-ordnungspolitische-journal-vom-22-juni-2022/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
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<p class="has-text-align-justify has-light-gray-background-color has-background">Was sind die strukturellen Herausforderungen der Beratungsverflechtung von Wissenschaft und Politik? Welche Aufgaben ergeben sich aus der &#8220;Zeitenwende&#8221; des Ukarinekrieges? Diesen Fragen geht <strong>Klaus F. Zimmermann</strong> (Universität Bonn, Freie Universität Berlin &amp; Global Labor Organization, GLO) in einem Beitrag für die <strong><em>Wirtschaftliche Freiheit. Das ordnungspolitische Journal</em></strong> am 22. Juni 2022 nach (volle Fassung mit freiem Zugang: <strong><a href="http://wirtschaftlichefreiheit.de/wordpress/?p=31206" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LINK</a></strong>, Prepublication <a href="http://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/2022-Blog-Wirtschaftliche-Freiheit.-Herausforderungen-wissenschaftlicher-Politikberatung-v2.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>hier</strong></a>). Weitere Quellenhinweise finden sich am Ende dieses Posts hier unten.</p>



<figure class="wp-block-image size-large is-resized"><a href="http://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Wiss-Politikberatung-als-Herausforderung-a.png"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="http://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Wiss-Politikberatung-als-Herausforderung-a.png" alt="" class="wp-image-9431" width="665" height="734" srcset="https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Wiss-Politikberatung-als-Herausforderung-a.png 665w, https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/Wiss-Politikberatung-als-Herausforderung-a-272x300.png 272w" sizes="auto, (max-width: 665px) 100vw, 665px" /></a><figcaption>Zum kompletten Post: : <strong><a href="http://wirtschaftlichefreiheit.de/wordpress/?p=31206" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">LINK</a></strong></figcaption></figure>



<p class="has-blue-background-color has-background"></p>



<p><strong>Diskussionsbeiträge zur Politikberatung:</strong></p>



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li>&nbsp;K. F. Zimmermann: Wissenschaftliche Politikberatung als Herausforderung, in <strong>Wirtschaftliche Freiheit. Das ordnungspolitische Journal</strong> vom 22. Juni 2022.</li><li>K. F. Zimmermann: More global solidarity will also provide higher well-being. In: A Symposium of Views. Why is Populism On the Rise and What Do the Populists Want? <strong>The International Economy</strong>. Winter 2019. S. 33.</li><li>K. F. Zimmermann: Lobbyisten der Wahrheit, <strong>Deutsche Universitätszeitung </strong>(DUZ), 3 (2015), 14-15.</li><li>K. F. Zimmermann: Evidenzbasierte wissenschaftliche Politikberatung, Schmollers Jahrbuch, 134:3 (2014), 259-270.&nbsp;</li><li>R. Ketzler; K. F. Zimmermann: A Citation-Analysis of Economic Research Institutes. <strong>Scientometrics</strong>, 95 (2013), 1095-1112. </li><li>K. F. Zimmermann: Evidenzbasierte Politikberatung, <strong>DIW-Vierteljahrshefte</strong>, 80 (1/2011) Jubiläumsheft, 23-33.</li><li>K. F. Zimmermann:&nbsp;Prognosekrise: Warum weniger manchmal mehr ist, <strong>Wirtschaftsdienst</strong>, 2 (2009), 86-90.</li><li>R. Ketzler; K. F. Zimmermann: Publications: German Economic Research Institutes on Track, <strong>Scientometrics</strong>, 80 (2009), 233-254.</li><li>K. F. Zimmermann: Der Berater als Störenfried: wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Politikberatung, <strong>Wirtschaftsdienst</strong>, 88 (2008), 101-107.</li><li>K. F. Zimmermann: Wirtschaftswissenschaftliche Politikberatung: Entscheidungsbeitrag oder Feigenblatt, in: H. Handler and H. Schneider (Eds.), <strong>Beratung und Entscheidung in der Wirtschaftspolitik</strong>. Industriewissenschaftliches Institut, Wien, 2008, 11-20.</li><li>K. F. Zimmermann: Advising Policymakers through the Media, <strong>Journal of Economic Education</strong>; Fall 2004; 35, 4; 395-405.</li></ul>



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		<title>Is the European Union on course to become the big loser in the global tech race? A symposium of views in the new issue of &#8216;The International Economy&#8217; with a contribution of Klaus F. Zimmermann.</title>
		<link>https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/is-the-european-union-on-course-to-become-the-big-loser-in-the-global-tech-race-a-symposium-of-views-in-the-new-issue-of-the-international-economy-with-a-contribution-of-klaus-f-zimmermann/</link>
		
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		<pubDate>Wed, 22 Jun 2022 08:28:32 +0000</pubDate>
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					<description><![CDATA[THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY, The magazine of international economic policy, SPRING 2022 issue Current issue and past issues &#8220;Global analysts say that the United States and China are in a race to achieve the most advanced technological breakthroughs. The winner will &#8230; <a href="https://www.klausfzimmermann.de/is-the-european-union-on-course-to-become-the-big-loser-in-the-global-tech-race-a-symposium-of-views-in-the-new-issue-of-the-international-economy-with-a-contribution-of-klaus-f-zimmermann/">Continue reading <span class="meta-nav">&#8594;</span></a>]]></description>
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<p><strong>THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY, The magazine of international economic policy, SPRING 2022 issue</strong> </p>



<ul class="wp-block-list"><li><a href="http://www.international-economy.com/index.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">Current issue</a> and <a href="http://www.international-economy.com/PastIssueTIE.htm" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">past issues</a></li></ul>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">&#8220;Global analysts say that the United States and China are in a race to achieve the most advanced technological breakthroughs. The winner will likely dominate the global economy through the end of the century. Sometimes India and Japan are mentioned as third players in this fierce global competition. But the European Union is barely mentioned, if at all&#8230;&#8230;&#8221;</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify has-light-gray-background-color has-background has-medium-font-size"><a href="http://www.international-economy.com/TIE_Sp22_EuropeTechLoser.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener"><strong>The Biggest Loser</strong></a><br><em>Is the European Union on course to become the big loser in the global tech race?</em><br>A symposium of views  <a href="http://www.klausfzimmermann.de/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/2022-Full-TIE_Sp22_EuropeTechLoser.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">COPY</a><br><br>Featuring commentary by <strong>Marco Annunziata, Marjory S. Blumenthal, Marek Dabrowski, James E. Glassman, Joseph V. Kennedy, Michael Lind, Thomas Mirow, Holger Schmieding, Gunther Schnabl, Stan Veuger,</strong> and <strong>Klaus F. Zimmermann.</strong></p>



<p class="has-blue-background-color has-background"></p>



<p><strong>Klaus F. Zimmermann</strong><br>&#8220;<em><strong>Europe can no longer stay on the sidelines of U.S.-Chinese hostility to enjoy trade benefits with China. Europe will lose or win together with the United States.</strong></em></p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Europe is considered to be lagging behind in the global tech race, in particular while striving for an edge in artificial intelligence innovations. While an invention needs a challenge, innovation requires a large responsive market and risk-open societies. A common observation is that Europe, and Germany in particular, has great inventive capital but less prowess in establishing marketable products than the United States. The recent successful cooperation of Pfizer and BioNTech in the Covid-19 pandemic has shown some elements of this divide. Hence, the established view is that the United States leads in research and development, while Europe relies on talent. A further European deficit is the large dependence on foreign-owned technology providers for artificial intelligence, cloud computing, and 5G technologies. </p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Under Presidents Obama and Trump, the United States has turned from Europe to Asia to focus on the race with China for the most advanced technological breakthroughs. China has won some legs of this race already. It has announced its challenge to the primacy of the United States (to become number one by 2049), in particular on the technology front. It needs this success to satisfy its enormous need for imported natural resources and nutrition to feed the growing wellbeing of its large population, and to satisfy its ambition for global hegemony. </p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">In the face of a squandered alliance of the United States with Europe, the Chinese Belt and Road Initiative has been a powerful strategy to access resources and to develop a global market to sell powerful technological innovations. China’s envisioned success badly depends on technology and trade. </p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">The recent Russian military aggression in Ukraine makes China’s strategic partnership with Russia a doubtful venture, damaging the Belt and Road strategy. A world of bipolar globalization with economic decoupling (Zeitenwende) may arise, confronting democracies with autocratic regimes: pushing for a reformed transatlantic alliance by developing trade and innovations internally in more intense and more open common markets while regulating and restricting trade and technological exchange elsewhere. This would weaken the global rise in wellbeing, but may change the nature of the technology race considerably. China could become the big loser, at least in terms of its huge ambitions. </p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">Since the United States needs Europe in the upcoming global political bipolar divide of the world, this requires a revival of common trade and technology policies. Europe can no longer stay on the sidelines of U.S.-Chinese hostility to enjoy trade benefits with China. </p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify">The potential of Europe is creativity and inventive capital derived from diversity and huge markets. Examples include cooperation of the London-based artificial intelligence venture InstaDeep with Germany’s BioNTech to identify and fight dangerous virus variants early on. And the European commitment to accelerating the energy transition implies technological advances. Such a reformed transatlantic alliance makes the question of whether the European Union may be the big loser of the tech race largely irrelevant. Europe will lose or win together with the United States. However, this alliance should seek strong collaborations with Japan, South Korea, and India.&#8221;</p>



<p class="has-text-align-justify"><strong>THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY, The magazine of international economic policy, The Bigest Loser. Is the European Union on course to become the big loser in the global tech race?</strong> <strong>SPRING 2022 issue, pp. 47-48.</strong></p>



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